Collection
Eye on the Collection: Copley to Hopper
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Object Information
Between 1877 and 1879, William Michael Harnett produced a number of images known as writing-table pictures, of which the Addison’s painting is an example.<sup>1</sup> These works are strikingly similar in size and composition and in the particular combination of objects depicted. Books, an ink bottle, a quill pen, and a letter, sometimes out of its envelope, are arranged on a marble shelf or marble-topped table and set against a bare background, presumably a wall. A variable element, either money or a newspaper, completes the composition.
One of the earliest-known of these paintings is <i>The Banker’s Table</i> (1877, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), which, in addition to the books, ink bottle, pen, and envelope, features a stack of coins in a torn paper wrapper and several currency notes. Of the same year is <i>Still Life—Writing Table</i> (Philadelphia Museum of Art), in which money appears again but in which the letter has now been removed from its envelope. <i>American Exchange</i> (1878, The Detroit Institute of Arts) also shows a letter and envelope separately, but it lacks the quill pen. This reappears along with the other items in <i>Philadelphia Letter, Books, and Writing Paper</i> (1879, private collection).
The Addison’s painting, <i>Still Life with Letter to Mr. Clarke</i>, is one of the first in the series to include a newspaper and is therefore especially close to two other works that Harnett painted in the same year, 1879: <i>Still Life with Letter to Mr. Lask</i> (private collection) and <i>Still Life with Letter to Dennis Gale</i> (private collection, Chevy Chase, Maryland). Each of the three paintings includes a letter addressed to the specific individual—Clarke, Lask, Gale—whose name serves to identify the still life; in this, the three works are distinct from their predecessors, mentioned above. The letters, which are covered with a script in Harnett’s own hand, are folded and placed upside down, presumably to prevent them from becoming too dominant within the overall composition.<sup>2</sup> While the writing is legible, the messages in all cases are cryptic and give no precise or conclusive information about the artist, patron, or painting.
The Addison’s painting and <i>Still Life with Letter to Dennis Gale</i> are near replicas of one another, the major differences being changes in the patron’s name, the titles of the books, and the shape of the ink bottle. The two works are similar in another way: it is known that each was owned by the man named in the still life, although it is not clear if Clarke and Gale commissioned their respective paintings or if they purchased these after Harnett had completed them. In the latter case, it is possible that Harnett included the names of potential patrons as a way of encouraging them to buy the finished works.<sup>3</sup> It is interesting to note that Harnett may have referred to Clarke in another painting of 1879, <i>The Secretary’s Table</i> (Santa Barbara Museum of Art); a memo pad therein bears the inscription, “June 28/See Mr. Clarke/at St. George Hotel.”
By the time Thomas B. Clarke (1848-1931) acquired the Addison’s still life, he was on his way to becoming one of the most important collectors of American art of his day. In fact, it was in the very year in which Harnett painted his <i>Still Life with Letter to Mr. Clarke</i> that the first published notice of Clarke’s significance as a patron appeared. “A number of gentlemen in this City are making private collections exclusively of American painting,” stated a writer for New York’s <i>Evening Post</i>. “One of the freshest and fullest of these private collections is that of Mr. Thomas B. Clarke … which now contains one hundred and ten works.”<sup>4</sup> Harnett was, at least for a time, among Clarke’s favorite artists, and the collector acquired no fewer than nine of his works between 1872 and 1881. In fact, Clarke seems to have had a special interest in still-life painting, at least during his early years as a collector, and, according to one contemporary source, the first painting he bought was a still life.<sup>5</sup> But as his tastes changed and became more sophisticated, he grew less interested in this genre, which was not considered high on the scale of what was most acceptable or sought after in art. As far as is known, Clarke made no further purchases of Harnett’s works after 1881, a situation which was probably compounded by the fact that Harnett left for an extended stay in Europe in that year.
Compositionally, <i>Still Life with Letter to Mr. Clarke</i> can be read as a simple and successful structuring of diagonals, which move across and parallel to the picture plane in the forms of the envelope and quill pen. This arrangement is interrupted by the diagonal placement of the letter and the books, which act as spatial markers to lead the viewer’s eye back to the additional diagonals of the folded newspaper. All of these straight and active lines are offset by the rotundity and verticality of the ink bottle and the more complicated linearism of the masthead on the <i>New York Times</i>. The almost stark whiteness of the marble shelf contrasts with the unusually dark background, which allows the objects to be spotlit by a rather intense light which comes directly from the left.
The year which appears on the newspaper corresponds with that inscribed below the artist’s signature at lower right, and the address on the envelope is that of Clarke’s residence at the time. In fact, Clarke moved his family into the house at 203 West 44th Street in New York in the same year that Harnett painted this picture.<sup>6</sup> Yet whatever care Harnett took to identify his patron within the painting itself, it was evidently not enough to make Clarke feel that he had to retain the picture for long. In 1881, barely two years after acquiring <i>Still Life with Letter to Mr. Clarke</i>, he sold it to his friend Oliver Durrell (whose son, sixty years later, gave it to the Addison Gallery). This is in keeping with what we know would become Clarke’s habit: building up a collection and then selling it for a profit.
David B. Dearinger, <i>Addison Gallery of American Art: 65 Years, A Selective Catalogue</i> (Andover, Massachusetts: Addison Gallery of American Art, 1996), pp. 385-86
1. This classification was first used by Alfred Frankenstein, whose pioneering research and writing on Harnett is basic to any study of the artist. See especially Frankenstein’s <i>After the Hunt: William Harnett and Other American Still Life Painters, 1870-1900</i> (1953; rev. ed., Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969).
2. Ibid., p. 44.
3. This point is discussed by Doreen Bolger, “The Patrons of the Artists: Emblems of Commerce and Culture” in <i>William Michael Harnett</i>, ed. Doreen Bolger, Marc Simpson, and John Wilmerding (Fort Worth, Texas, and New York: Amon Carter Museum and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992), p. 73.
4. <i>New York Evening Post</i>, 22 April 1879, p. 3. It has been suggested that the author of this article was the critic George William Sheldon; see H. Barbara Weinberg, “Thomas B. Clarke: Foremost Patron of American Art from 1872 to 1899,” <i>American Art Journal</i> 8 (May 1976), p. 56.
5. George William Sheldon, <i>Recent Ideals in American Art</i> (New York and London: D. Appleton and Company, 1888), p. 22. The painting was a still life of a dead trout by Wakeman Holberton. Sheldon noted that Clarke’s interest in the painting arose from his being an avid fisherman.
6. Weinberg, p. 55.
Exhibition History
This object was included in the following exhibitions:
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 150th Anniversary Exhibition, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1/15/1955 - 3/13/1955Recent Rediscoveries in American Art, The Cincinnati Art Museum, 10/3/1955 - 11/6/1955
What Do You Paint, Madam?, Addison Gallery of American Art, 4/18/1956 - 6/11/1956
Scope in Collecting [25th Anniversary Exhibition], Addison Gallery of American Art, 10/19/1956 - 12/24/1956
Artistic Highlights of American History, Addison Gallery of American Art, 1/10/1958 - 3/23/1958
Major Works in Minor Scale, American Federation of Arts, 12/4/1959 - 12/22/1960
The Newspaper in American Art, The Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego/The Fine Arts Society of San Diego, 10/12/1965 - 11/7/1965
The Newspaper in American Art, Lakeview Center for The Arts and Sciences, 10/8/1966 - 10/30/1966
The Works, Addison Gallery of American Art, 11/7/1969 - 2/22/1970
The American Still Life 1879-1979, Addison Gallery of American Art, 10/26/1979 - 12/12/1979
Masterworks of American Art from the Addison Gallery Collection, Hirschl and Adler Galleries, Inc., 10/6/1981 - 10/31/1981
Read All About It, Williams College Museum of Art, 1/7/1989 - 2/12/1989
American Masterworks, Addison Gallery of American Art, 10/5/1990 - 12/16/1990
The Still-Life Paintings of William M. Harnett, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 3/16/1992 - 6/13/1993
Masterworks from the Permanent Collection, Addison Gallery of American Art, 10/29/1993 - 1/9/1993
Addison Gallery of American Art: 65 Years, Addison Gallery of American Art, 4/13/1996 - 7/31/1996
Framework: American Pictures and Frames, Addison Gallery of American Art, 1/16/1999 - 4/4/1999
Masterworks from the Permanent Collection, Addison Gallery of American Art, 2/22/2000 - 3/26/2000
Eye on the Collection: Copley to Hopper, Addison Gallery of American Art, 12/21/2004 - 6/12/2005
Eye on the Collection: West to Hopper, Addison Gallery of American Art, 6/17/2005 - 10/16/2005
Toward Abstraction, Addison Gallery of American Art, 12/23/2005 - 3/26/2006
Coming of Age: American Art, 1850s to 1950s, American Federation of Arts, 9/9/2006 - 9/7/2009
Eye on the Collection, Addison Gallery of American Art, 4/27/2013 - 7/31/2013
Peindre l'Amérique. Les artistes du Nouveau Monde (1830-1900), Fondation de l'Hermitage, 6/27/2014 - 10/26/2014
Searching for the Real, Addison Gallery of American Art, 5/30/2015 - 7/31/2015
Eye on the Collection, Addison Gallery of American Art, 4/1/2017 - 7/30/2017
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